The 100 best nonfiction books

No. 11 on this list. The Peloponnesian War · Thucydides · c. 411 BCE

A foundation text of Western thought, assigned across classics, history, political science and international relations, and a fixture of Great Books programs. The U.S. Naval War College has built its strategy teaching around it since the 1970s.

No. 12 on this list. Leviathan · Thomas Hobbes · 1651

Included in: Great Books of the Western World

Leviathan is a core text of political philosophy, taught in nearly every course on the history of political thought and included in Britannica's Great Books of the Western World. Its picture of life without government as 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short' is among the most quoted lines in English prose.

No. 13 on this list. Nicomachean Ethics · Aristotle · c. 340 BCE

The Nicomachean Ethics is a standard text in introductory and advanced courses on ethics and ancient philosophy around the world. It is among the most read works of Greek philosophy.

No. 14 on this list. The Interpretation of Dreams · Sigmund Freud · 1899

Included in: Great Books of the Western World

Freud's founding work of psychoanalysis is taught across psychology, literary theory, philosophy and the history of ideas, and is a standard text in courses on modernism. Few works published around 1900 hold a comparable place across so many disciplines.

No. 15 on this list. The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction · Michel Foucault · 1976

Required reading in virtually every university gender studies, cultural theory, sociology, and philosophy program in the Western world. No database syllabus data was retrieved, but this text is among the most universally assigned in humanities education globally, appearing on curricula alongside Derrida and Althusser as a foundational poststructuralist text. It is considered indispensable entry-level reading for anyone studying sexuality, power, or discourse.

No. 16 on this list. The Declaration of Independence / The Constitution of the United States · Founding Fathers · 1998

The Declaration and the Constitution are taught in American schools from primary grades through law school and appear in civics and history courses everywhere. They are among the most reprinted and studied texts in the English-speaking world.

No. 17 on this list. Phaedrus · Plato · c. 370 BCE

Plato's Phaedrus is a foundational text in Western philosophy, taught in virtually every philosophy curriculum worldwide from undergraduate ethics to graduate seminars on rhetoric and metaphysics. The dialogue has maintained continuous scholarly presence for 2,400 years, appearing on Open Syllabus lists for philosophy, rhetoric, and classical studies courses across hundreds of institutions. Its Wikipedia article spans over 50 languages for the work as a whole.

No. 18 on this list. The Wealth of Nations · Adam Smith · 1776

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) is the founding text of modern economics and a fixture of courses in economics, political philosophy and the history of ideas. It has never been out of print.

No. 19 on this list. The Social Contract · Jean-Jacques Rousseau · 1762

The Social Contract (1762) is one of the most taught works of political philosophy, read in courses on democracy, the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. Its opening, 'Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains', is among the most quoted lines in political writing.

No. 20 on this list. Preface to Lyrical Ballads · William Wordsworth · 1800

The Preface to Lyrical Ballads is the founding manifesto of English Romanticism and appears on every university syllabus in Romantic literature, literary theory, and criticism courses. It is required reading in virtually all English literature programs and is cited as the document that defined the terms of English poetry for the 19th century. Its presence in literary education is as reliable as any text in the tradition.

No. 21 on this list. Beyond Good and Evil · Friedrich Nietzsche · 1886

Beyond Good and Evil is standard reading in philosophy curricula worldwide and appears on virtually every serious 'books everyone should read' list. While not primarily a literature syllabus fixture, its presence in university courses across disciplines — philosophy, political theory, literary theory, cultural studies — is near-universal. No comparable work of 19th-century philosophy commands broader global readership.

No. 22 on this list. The Sacred Wood · T. S. Eliot · 1920

The most influential book of literary criticism in English in the twentieth century. 'Tradition and the Individual Talent' is the single most-taught critical essay.

No. 23 on this list. The Gay Science · Friedrich Nietzsche · 1882

The Gay Science introduces 'God is dead' (§125), eternal recurrence (§341), and amor fati — three concepts that reshaped Western intellectual history and appear on virtually every continental philosophy syllabus worldwide. Though the database lacks syllabus count data for this work, the book's Wikipedia article exists in over 50 languages and it is assigned in philosophy, literary theory, theology, and cultural studies courses globally. Its canonical standing in philosophy exceeds most works, comparable to Descartes' Meditations or Kant's Groundwork.

No. 24 on this list. Two Treatises of Government · John Locke · 1689

Two Treatises of Government is a standard text in political philosophy and the history of political thought, assigned alongside Hobbes's Leviathan and Rousseau's Social Contract on courses worldwide. The Second Treatise in particular is treated as essential reading on consent, property and the right of revolution.

No. 25 on this list. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality · Sigmund Freud · 1905

Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality is a foundational text in psychology, psychoanalysis, sexuality studies, and cultural theory curricula worldwide. Listed among Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century (1999), the Open Syllabus Top 500 in Literature, and available on Wikipedia in 20 languages. Taught in psychology, philosophy, literature, gender studies, and history of science courses, it is considered inescapable for anyone studying psychoanalysis or the history of sexuality.

No. 26 on this list. The Federalist Papers · Alexander Hamilton · 1788

The foundational text of American constitutional theory, cited by the Supreme Court.

No. 27 on this list. On the Genealogy of Morality · Friedrich Nietzsche · 1887

Friedrich Nietzsche opens by promising a history of morality and delivers something more unsettling: a prosecution. In three linked essays, he traces where our moral concepts actually came from — not from reason or God, but from power, debt, and pain. The first essay tracks how the word 'good' belonged originally to the aristocrat who named himself that way, then watches the slave revolt in morality invert the table of values entirely, creating 'evil' as a name for the strong. The second follows the concept of guilt back to the creditor-debtor relationship, where punishment began not as justice but as the pleasure of cruelty legitimized by contract. The third anatomizes the ascetic priest — the figure who turns suffering into meaning, who wins power over the powerful by teaching them to hate themselves. Nietzsche writes in long hypotactic periods that build to sudden one-line reversals, embedding Latin phrases and German coinages into arguments that span etymology, biology, and cultural history simultaneously. The tone is the provocation: he performs the very diagnosis he conducts, and readers who take his endorsements of aristocratic violence at face value have missed the argument. This is the book that taught Foucault to ask how systems of knowledge produce what they claim merely to describe. It demands and rewards slow, combative reading.

No. 28 on this list. Philosophical essays concerning human understanding · David Hume

The Enquiry is a staple of introductory philosophy and early-modern courses worldwide, usually paired with Descartes and Kant. It sits among the core texts of the empiricist tradition.

No. 29 on this list. Utilitarianism · John Stuart Mill · 1863

Utilitarianism is required reading in philosophy curricula worldwide and appears on virtually every syllabus for ethics, political philosophy, and moral theory. It is one of the most assigned philosophical texts in English-language universities, assigned alongside Kant's Groundwork as the foundational statement of consequentialist ethics. No undergraduate philosophy education omits it.

No. 30 on this list. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire · Edward Gibbon · 1776

Published in six volumes between 1776 and 1789, it has stayed in print ever since and is a set text in courses on historiography, the Enlightenment and English prose. It appears on every major list of essential works of history in English.